Broadleaf Batavian
Asteraceae
Endive
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Endive has been cultivated in the Mediterranean since ancient times. Broadleaf Batavian (also called escarole) is the classic full-leaf type. Belgian endive (witloof) was discovered by accident in the 1850s when a Belgian farmer stored chicory roots in his cellar and found they produced pale, tender chicons.
Endive (and its close relative escarole) are underappreciated fall crops in the PNW. Sow in July, harvest September through November. The bitterness mellows after frost. Broadleaf Batavian (escarole type) is more cold-tolerant and produces larger heads. Belgian endive (witloof) requires a two-step process: grow roots in summer, force chicons indoors in winter.
Direct sow in July for fall harvest — endive is a cool-season crop that bolts in spring heat. Sow 1/4" deep, 4 seeds per sq ft. Thin to 12" apart. Keep evenly moist. For blanched hearts (milder, less bitter): 2-3 weeks before harvest, gather outer leaves and tie loosely with twine, or cover with an inverted pot. Harvest whole heads at soil level. Endive has a pleasant bitterness that pairs beautifully with rich, sweet, or acidic ingredients.